diff --git a/packages/core/src/components/Nodes/NodeWrapper.ts b/packages/core/src/components/Nodes/NodeWrapper.ts
index 1373c780..b0764588 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/components/Nodes/NodeWrapper.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/components/Nodes/NodeWrapper.ts
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ const NodeWrapper = defineComponent({
             })
           }
         },
-        { immediate: true, flush: 'post' },
+        { immediate: true, flush: 'pre' },
       )
     })
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/composables/useKeyPress.ts b/packages/core/src/composables/useKeyPress.ts
index 6132869c..1c194cb3 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/composables/useKeyPress.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/composables/useKeyPress.ts
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ function useKeyOrCode(code: string, keysToWatch: string | string[]) {
  * @internal
  * @param keyFilter - Can be a boolean, a string or an array of strings. If it's a boolean, it will always return that value. If it's a string, it will return true if the key is pressed. If it's an array of strings, it will return true if any of the keys are pressed, or a combination is pressed (e.g. ['ctrl+a', 'ctrl+b'])
  * @param onChange - Callback function that will be called when the key state changes
+ * @param options - Options object
  */
 export function useKeyPress(
   keyFilter: MaybeRefOrGetter<KeyFilter | null>,
diff --git a/packages/core/src/container/EdgeRenderer/MarkerDefinitions.vue b/packages/core/src/container/EdgeRenderer/MarkerDefinitions.vue
index 36eab17e..75eff032 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/container/EdgeRenderer/MarkerDefinitions.vue
+++ b/packages/core/src/container/EdgeRenderer/MarkerDefinitions.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <script lang="ts" setup>
 import { computed } from 'vue'
-import type { EdgeMarkerType, MarkerProps, MarkerType } from '../../types/edge'
+import type { EdgeMarkerType, MarkerProps, MarkerType } from '../../types'
 import { useVueFlow } from '../../composables'
 import { getMarkerId } from '../../utils'
 import MarkerSymbols from './MarkerSymbols.vue'
@@ -8,20 +8,21 @@ import MarkerSymbols from './MarkerSymbols.vue'
 const { id: vueFlowId, edges, connectionLineOptions, defaultMarkerColor: defaultColor } = useVueFlow()
 
 const markers = computed(() => {
-  const ids: string[] = []
+  const ids: Set<string> = new Set()
   const markers: MarkerProps[] = []
 
   const createMarkers = (marker?: EdgeMarkerType) => {
     if (marker) {
       const markerId = getMarkerId(marker, vueFlowId)
-      if (!ids.includes(markerId)) {
+
+      if (!ids.has(markerId)) {
         if (typeof marker === 'object') {
           markers.push({ ...marker, id: markerId, color: marker.color || defaultColor.value })
         } else {
           markers.push({ id: markerId, color: defaultColor.value, type: marker as MarkerType })
         }
 
-        ids.push(markerId)
+        ids.add(markerId)
       }
     }
   }
@@ -30,15 +31,13 @@ const markers = computed(() => {
     createMarkers(marker)
   }
 
-  edges.value.reduce<MarkerProps[]>((markers, edge) => {
+  for (const edge of edges.value) {
     for (const marker of [edge.markerStart, edge.markerEnd]) {
       createMarkers(marker)
     }
+  }
 
-    return markers.sort((a, b) => a.id.localeCompare(b.id))
-  }, markers)
-
-  return markers
+  return markers.sort((a, b) => a.id.localeCompare(b.id))
 })
 </script>
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/container/Pane/Pane.vue b/packages/core/src/container/Pane/Pane.vue
index 1fd92936..aae5f9b1 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/container/Pane/Pane.vue
+++ b/packages/core/src/container/Pane/Pane.vue
@@ -50,15 +50,14 @@ useKeyPress(
       return
     }
 
-    const nodesToRemove = getNodes.value.reduce<GraphNode[]>((res, node) => {
-      if (!node.selected && node.parentNode && res.find((n) => n.id === node.parentNode)) {
-        res.push(node)
+    const nodesToRemove: GraphNode[] = []
+    for (const node of getNodes.value) {
+      if (!node.selected && node.parentNode && nodesToRemove.some((n) => n.id === node.parentNode)) {
+        nodesToRemove.push(node)
       } else if (node.selected) {
-        res.push(node)
+        nodesToRemove.push(node)
       }
-
-      return res
-    }, [])
+    }
 
     if (nodesToRemove || getSelectedEdges.value) {
       if (getSelectedEdges.value.length > 0) {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/store/actions.ts b/packages/core/src/store/actions.ts
index 44554125..736d1c7c 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/store/actions.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/store/actions.ts
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ export function useActions(
     const style = window.getComputedStyle(viewportNode)
     const { m22: zoom } = new window.DOMMatrixReadOnly(style.transform)
 
-    const changes: NodeDimensionChange[] = Array.from({ length: updates.length })
+    const changes: NodeDimensionChange[] = []
 
     for (let i = 0; i < updates.length; ++i) {
       const update = updates[i]
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ export function useActions(
       return
     }
 
-    state.nodes = createGraphNodes(nextNodes, state.nodes, findNode, state.hooks.error.trigger)
+    state.nodes = createGraphNodes(nextNodes, findNode, state.hooks.error.trigger)
   }
 
   const setEdges: Actions['setEdges'] = (edges) => {
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ export function useActions(
     let nextNodes = nodes instanceof Function ? nodes(state.nodes) : nodes
     nextNodes = Array.isArray(nextNodes) ? nextNodes : [nextNodes]
 
-    const graphNodes = createGraphNodes(nextNodes, state.nodes, findNode, state.hooks.error.trigger)
+    const graphNodes = createGraphNodes(nextNodes, findNode, state.hooks.error.trigger)
 
     const changes: NodeAddChange<any>[] = []
     for (const node of graphNodes) {
@@ -665,7 +665,6 @@ export function useActions(
     return [nodeRect, node, isRectObj]
   }
 
-  // todo: rename to `findIntersectingNodes`
   const getIntersectingNodes: Actions['getIntersectingNodes'] = (nodeOrRect, partially = true, nodes = state.nodes) => {
     const [nodeRect, node, isRect] = getNodeRect(nodeOrRect)
 
diff --git a/packages/core/src/store/state.ts b/packages/core/src/store/state.ts
index d650cee6..ba6068a6 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/store/state.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/store/state.ts
@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ export function useState(): State {
   return {
     vueFlowRef: null,
     viewportRef: null,
-    // todo: change this to a Set
     nodes: [],
-    // todo: change this to a Set
     edges: [],
     connectionLookup: new Map(),
     nodeTypes: {},
diff --git a/packages/core/src/types/flow.ts b/packages/core/src/types/flow.ts
index 1c6b53bc..08439b49 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/types/flow.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/types/flow.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,10 @@ import type { VueFlowStore } from './store'
 // todo: should be object type
 export type ElementData = any
 
-/** A flow element (after parsing into state)  */
+/**
+ * @deprecated - will be removed in the next major version
+ * A flow element (after parsing into state)
+ */
 export type FlowElement<
   NodeData = ElementData,
   EdgeData = ElementData,
@@ -31,6 +34,10 @@ export type FlowElement<
   EdgeEvents extends Record<string, CustomEvent> = any,
 > = GraphNode<NodeData, NodeEvents> | GraphEdge<EdgeData, EdgeEvents>
 
+/**
+ * @deprecated - will be removed in the next major version
+ * An array of flow elements (after parsing into state)
+ */
 export type FlowElements<
   NodeData = ElementData,
   EdgeData = ElementData,
@@ -54,6 +61,7 @@ export type Elements<
 > = Element<NodeData, EdgeData, NodeEvents, EdgeEvents>[]
 
 export type MaybeElement = Node | Edge | Connection | FlowElement | Element
+
 export interface CustomThemeVars {
   [key: string]: string | number | undefined
 }
@@ -82,13 +90,11 @@ export enum Position {
   Bottom = 'bottom',
 }
 
-// todo: Rename to `Point`
 export interface XYPosition {
   x: number
   y: number
 }
 
-// todo: Rename to `AbsolutePoint`
 export type XYZPosition = XYPosition & { z: number }
 
 export interface Dimensions {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/graph.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/graph.ts
index 7634b486..67312ff5 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/graph.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/graph.ts
@@ -69,22 +69,18 @@ export function getHostForElement(element: HTMLElement): Document {
   return window.document
 }
 
-// todo: refactor generic to use MaybeElement
 export function isEdge<Data = ElementData>(element: MaybeElement): element is Edge<Data> {
   return element && typeof element === 'object' && 'id' in element && 'source' in element && 'target' in element
 }
 
-// todo: refactor generic to use MaybeElement
 export function isGraphEdge<Data = ElementData>(element: MaybeElement): element is GraphEdge<Data> {
   return isEdge(element) && 'sourceNode' in element && 'targetNode' in element
 }
 
-// todo: refactor generic to use MaybeElement
 export function isNode<Data = ElementData>(element: MaybeElement): element is Node<Data> {
   return element && typeof element === 'object' && 'id' in element && 'position' in element && !isEdge(element)
 }
 
-// todo: refactor generic to use MaybeElement
 export function isGraphNode<Data = ElementData>(element: MaybeElement): element is GraphNode<Data> {
   return isNode(element) && 'computedPosition' in element
 }
@@ -105,15 +101,15 @@ export function parseNode(node: Node, existingNode?: GraphNode, parentNode?: str
       width: 0,
       height: 0,
     }),
+    computedPosition: markRaw({
+      z: 0,
+      ...node.position,
+    }),
     // todo: shouldn't be defined initially, as we want to use handleBounds to check if a node was actually initialized or not
     handleBounds: {
       source: [],
       target: [],
     },
-    computedPosition: markRaw({
-      z: 0,
-      ...node.position,
-    }),
     draggable: undefined,
     selectable: undefined,
     connectable: undefined,
@@ -356,17 +352,23 @@ export function getBoundsofRects(rect1: Rect, rect2: Rect) {
 }
 
 export function getRectOfNodes(nodes: GraphNode[]) {
-  const box = nodes.reduce(
-    (currBox, { computedPosition = { x: 0, y: 0 }, dimensions = { width: 0, height: 0 } } = {} as any) =>
-      getBoundsOfBoxes(
-        currBox,
-        rectToBox({
-          ...computedPosition,
-          ...dimensions,
-        } as Rect),
-      ),
-    { x: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY, y: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY, x2: Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, y2: Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY },
-  )
+  let box: Box = {
+    x: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+    y: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+    x2: Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+    y2: Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+    const node = nodes[i]
+    box = getBoundsOfBoxes(
+      box,
+      rectToBox({
+        ...node.computedPosition,
+        ...node.dimensions,
+      } as Rect),
+    )
+  }
 
   return boxToRect(box)
 }
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/handle.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/handle.ts
index 001201ac..1b1af450 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/handle.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/handle.ts
@@ -222,8 +222,12 @@ interface GetHandleLookupParams {
 }
 
 export function getHandleLookup({ nodes, nodeId, handleId, handleType }: GetHandleLookupParams) {
-  return nodes.reduce<ConnectionHandle[]>((res, node) => {
+  const handleLookup: ConnectionHandle[] = []
+  for (let i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+    const node = nodes[i]
+
     const { handleBounds } = node
+
     let sourceHandles: ConnectionHandle[] = []
     let targetHandles: ConnectionHandle[] = []
 
@@ -232,9 +236,10 @@ export function getHandleLookup({ nodes, nodeId, handleId, handleType }: GetHand
       targetHandles = getHandles(node, handleBounds, 'target', `${nodeId}-${handleId}-${handleType}`)
     }
 
-    res.push(...sourceHandles, ...targetHandles)
-    return res
-  }, [])
+    handleLookup.push(...sourceHandles, ...targetHandles)
+  }
+
+  return handleLookup
 }
 
 export function getHandleType(edgeUpdaterType: HandleType | undefined, handleDomNode: Element | null): HandleType | null {
diff --git a/packages/core/src/utils/store.ts b/packages/core/src/utils/store.ts
index 3d0ae197..2cb7a866 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/utils/store.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/utils/store.ts
@@ -89,22 +89,18 @@ export function updateEdgeAction(
   return newEdge
 }
 
-export function createGraphNodes(
-  nodes: Node[],
-  currGraphNodes: GraphNode[],
-  findNode: Actions['findNode'],
-  triggerError: State['hooks']['error']['trigger'],
-) {
+export function createGraphNodes(nodes: Node[], findNode: Actions['findNode'], triggerError: State['hooks']['error']['trigger']) {
   const parentNodes: Record<string, true> = {}
 
-  const nextNodes = nodes.reduce((nextNodes, node, currentIndex) => {
-    // make sure we don't try to add invalid nodes
+  const nextNodes: GraphNode[] = []
+  for (let i = 0; i < nodes.length; ++i) {
+    const node = nodes[i]
+
     if (!isNode(node)) {
       triggerError(
-        new VueFlowError(ErrorCode.NODE_INVALID, (node as undefined | Record<any, any>)?.id) ||
-          `[ID UNKNOWN|INDEX ${currentIndex}]`,
+        new VueFlowError(ErrorCode.NODE_INVALID, (node as undefined | Record<any, any>)?.id) || `[ID UNKNOWN|INDEX ${i}]`,
       )
-      return nextNodes
+      continue
     }
 
     const parsed = parseNode(node, findNode(node.id), node.parentNode)
@@ -113,13 +109,11 @@ export function createGraphNodes(
       parentNodes[node.parentNode] = true
     }
 
-    return nextNodes.concat(parsed)
-  }, [] as GraphNode[])
-
-  const allNodes = [...nextNodes, ...currGraphNodes]
+    nextNodes[i] = parsed
+  }
 
   for (const node of nextNodes) {
-    const parentNode = allNodes.find((n) => n.id === node.parentNode)
+    const parentNode = findNode(node.parentNode) || nextNodes.find((n) => n.id === node.parentNode)
 
     if (node.parentNode && !parentNode) {
       triggerError(new VueFlowError(ErrorCode.NODE_MISSING_PARENT, node.id, node.parentNode))